Subgenus: Prostaurastrum

Family: Cell wall with 2 or more partitions
Subfamily: Cell division occurs at central constriction
Genus: Cell body short, radiate in shape; apical view of the cell, triangular, polygonal, ellipsoidal or spindle-shaped; zygospores formed outside of mother cells
Subgenus: lacks arm-like projections (Illustrations of The Japanese Fresh-water Algae, 1977)

Section: Schaerichastrum (Cell wall smooth, without spiny projections)
S. cosmarioides 109 x 67 μm Imou bog Toyohashi Aichi, 2004	S. muticum 11 samples 3 projections surf. smooth 1999-2006	S. orbiculare 22 samples 3 projections 1999-2008	S. orbiculare ? 26 x 24 μm Tanohara marsh Shiga highland Nagano, 2004
Staurastrum sp. cell μm Japan, 1998	S. habeebense = Actinotaenium 7 samples 38-43 x 27-38 μm 2002-2008	S. coarctatum 4 samples 19-32 x 23-32 μm 2005-2008	S. bieneanum v. orientale μm Kannon-numa Fukushima, 2008
S. subgrande 3 samples x 15-22 μm 2006-2007	S. pachyrhynchum 4 arms type x 26 μm Kannon-numa Fukushima, 2008	S. clepsydra 18 x μm Chigo-ike 2 Shiga highland Nagano, 2008	Staurastrum sp. 17 x 11 μm Kaga Ishikawa, 2000
Section: Odontastrum (Cell wall granulated, without spines at corners)
S. punctulatum 35 samples semicell twisted diamond-elliptic 1998-2008	S. alternans 14 samples semicell twisted long elliptic 1999-2007	S. alternans 14 samples semicell twisted diamond-shaped 1999-2007	S. lapponicum 17 samples not twisted long elliptic 1999-2008
S. dispar 16 samples 27-37 x μm 2003-2008	S. dilatatum v. dilatatum v. hibernicum 8 samples 26-40 μm 2001-2007	S. varians 2 samples 31-34 x μm Japan, 2004
Section: Spinastrum (With spiny projections at corners, cell wall smooth) = genus Staurodesmus
S. longispinum 3 samples 60-78 x 60-65 μm Ushidome-ike Norikura highland Nagano, 2005-7	S. connatum 28 samples 18-39 x μm 1998-2008	S. apiculatum 4 samples 19 x 20 μm spines μm 1999-2008	S. dickiei 3 samples 21-31 x μm spines μm 199-2005
S. cuspidatum 7 samples 18-25 x μm 2004-2007	S. bifidum 4 samples x 30-31 μm 1998-2008	Staurastrum sp. S. pseudobiretum ? small var. 24 x 25 μm Uruguay, 1999
S.leptodermum ? x 31 μm Onnenai Kushiro marsh Hokkaido, 2005	S.subscolopacinum 19 x 16 μm spines 5 μm Koshigaya Saitama, 2001	S. dejectum 20 x 20 μm spines 7 μm 4 arms Otto-Numa Ibaraki, 2002	Staurastrum sp. S. dejectum ? 3 arms Otto-Numa Ibaraki, 2002
S. wandae v. brevispinum 11 samples 23-30 μm 2005-2008	S. contectum v. inevolutum 36 x 34 μm Onnenai Kushiro marsh Hokkaido, 2005
Section: Granuliformes (With spiny projections at corners, cell wall granulated)
S. avicula v. subarcuatum 8 samples 21-24 x μm 2003-2007	S. denticulatum 2 samples ?? x 28 μm Japan, 2006	S. lunatum 6 samples 28-33 μm Furukawa 2003-2007	Staurastrum sp. 29 x 28 μm Satsunai river Obihiro Hokkaido, 2005
Section: Raphidiastrum (With spiny projections at corners, cell wall covered with many spines)
Spines restricted only around corners or rare and dispersed
S. subteliferum 4 samples x 33-35 μm 1999-2008	S. hystrix 18 samples 23-28 x μm 2004-2008	S. echinatum 3 samples x 28 μm 2003-2006	S. simonyi 33 samples 19-26 x μm 2003-2008
Spines many, covering whole surface of semicells
S. teliferum 6 samples 22-37 x μm 2005-2008	S. kouwetsii 9 samples 42-50 x μm 2003-2007	S. brebissonii = S. pilosum 9 samples 42-50 x μm 2003-2008	S. hirsutum 10 samples ? 23-45 μm 2004-2007
S. gladiosum ? 48 x μm Kareki-numa Nikko Tochigi, 2008	S. gurgeliense μm Miyatoko m.4 Minami-Aizu Fukushima, 2008	Staurastrum sp. μm Kareki-numa Nikko Tochigi, 2008
Section: Aciculiformes (With warts or short projections at corners)
S. subaciculiferum 25 x 23 μm Ukishima marsh Tsugaike highland Nagano, 2006	S. subaciculiferum? μm arms Takamatsu Kagawa, 2002	S. subaciculiferum ? 15 x 17 μm Koigakubo marsh Tessei-cho Okayama, 2004
S. aciculiferum 22 x 20 μm Mida-ga-hara 6 Gassan (mt) Yamagata, 2006	S. aciculiferum 22 x 20 μm near Mida-ga-hara Gassan (mt) Yamagata, 2006
Section: Rutidiastrum (Semicells with lines of warts)
Semicells elliptical or similar shaped		Semicells trapezoid
S. oxyrhynchum v. oxyrhynchum μm Kejo-numa Furukawa Miyagi, 2003	S. mutilatum 52 x 48 μm Kejo-numa 1 Osaki Miyagi, 2006	S. scabrum 5 samples x 28-42 μm 2004-2007	S. scabrum ? 4 samples x 28-42 μm 2004-2006
Staurastrum sp. S. mutilatum ? 39 x 33 μm Ohnuma Nasu-shiobara Tochigi, 2007
Section: Stellatiformes (Semicells with lines of spines)
Marginal projections present at both anterior and lateral sides of semicells
S. forficulatum 21 samples 28-50 x μm 2003-2008	S. forficulatum 21 samples 28-50 x μm 2003-2008	S. senarium 11 samples 21-33 x μm 1998-2008
Marginal projections present only at anterior side of semicells
S. subavicula 5 samples 25-32 x μm 2003-2007	S. furcatum 6 samples 26-28 x 27-30 μm 2003-2006
S. monticulosum ? v. bidens ?? 23 x 21 μm Tanohara marsh Shiga highland Nagano, 2004	S. monticulosum ? v. bidens ?? 35 x 30 μm Tanohara marsh Shiga highland Nagano, 2004	S. monticulosum ? v. bidens ?? μm Chigo-ike Shiga highland Nagano, 2008

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